America’s Infrastructure Workforce Crisis

Infrastructure is only as resilient as those who build it. A reliable workforce is an infrastructure issue.

Aii’s mission is to foster innovative solutions to current and future infrastructure challenges, which means leading conversations that advance domestic infrastructure into the 21st century. In this role, we highlight strategic policies, novel project financing, and innovative technology and solutions. Ultimately, all infrastructure depends on the construction industry and especially the skilled craftspeople building it.

Blue-collar workers are the backbone of our infrastructure, yet they are too often overlooked and under appreciated. The timing could not be worse. We are pouring trillions into infrastructure construction while the workforce needed to build it is vanishing. This is an existential crisis for the construction industry and our nation’s infrastructure. Bringing attention to the labor shortage and reinvigorating our trades is an infrastructure issue. That requires not only organic ground-up investments but public policy solutions to streamline and incentivize workforce development.

The bottleneck is clear: there are not enough qualified tradespeople to build the next wave of infrastructure, and the numbers are staggering. The workforce is aging, and the ranks are not being replenished with the next generation of tradespeople. Construction technology firm Procore projects that 53 percent of the construction workforce will retire by 2036. This crisis is only exacerbated by the massive expansion in infrastructure spending across the spectrum. Investment in AI, fiber, and datacenter infrastructure alone is expected to be in trillions. Trillions more are being spent in the power industry, public infrastructure, and home construction. The need for quality tradespeople is immediate; the Associated Builders and Contractors estimate that the U.S. will need to attract more than 500,000 additional workers immediately just to meet existing demand. Similarly, the Bureau of Labor Statistics expects about 80,000 electrician openings per year for the next decade. This can be mapped across plumbers, excavators, and workers across commercial and industrial settings.

The effects of the labor shortage are being felt in real time. A sobering 94 percent of contractors have reported issues filling craft labor roles, almost all of them resulting in direct delays to project delivery. Unlike manufacturing, these jobs are not easily automated. The paradox here is that AI threatens to take away white collar jobs across sectors, while jobs in the trades are almost entirely immune to this disruption well into the longterm.

This workforce challenge arrives at a pivotal moment, as more Americans question whether a four-year college degree still guarantees upward mobility or a stable middle-class life. Where the payoff a four-year degree no longer works for countless students, a 2-year vocational degree or apprenticeship nearly guarantees a stable and rewarding career. Union and non-union jobs in construction and infrastructure provide solid wages, strong benefits, and in many cases, six-figure earning potential. What looks like a labor crisis is also a chance to reimagine how we value skilled work and expand pathways to economic security beyond the traditional college track.

The solution won’t come overnight, but it starts with changing how we talk about work. We need to destigmatize vocational education and present it as a first-choice career path – not a fallback. A generation ago, these jobs built stable, middle-class lives, and they still can today. We need to elevate the image of the trades through national campaigns that highlight wages, benefits, and long-term career satisfaction. State and local education departments and policymakers should emphasize hard skills and not force a college pipeline on every student.

Enrollment in vocational programs is already rising, with over 871,000 students nationwide and 20 percent growth since 2020. That’s encouraging, but it’s not enough. To meet the scale of projected demand, we need to multiply capacity, expand apprenticeships, and align training with the massive pipeline of infrastructure work ahead.

If our country is serious about meeting its infrastructure and energy goals, we need to invest just as much in people as we do in projects. Policymakers, industry leaders, and educators must treat workforce development as core infrastructure. That means expanding vocational and technical school capacity nationwide and scaling apprenticeship programs that are directly tied to the pipeline of infrastructure, energy and data center construction. Infrastructure is only as strong as the workforce who builds it, and solving the labor shortage is central to America’s ability to modernize, compete, and thrive.

Written by Aaron Shavel, Policy Fellow